UNIT - 1
Research Methodology:
Introduction, Meaning of Research, Objectives of Research, Types of Research, Research Approaches, Significance of Research, Research Methods versus Methodology, Research and Scientific Method, Research Process, Criteria of Good Research, Problems Encountered by Researchers in India. Defining the Research Problem: Research Problem, Selecting the Problem, Necessity of Defining the Problem, Technique Involved in Defining a Problem.
UNIT - 2
Reviewing the literature:
Place of the literature review in research, Bringing clarity and focus to research problem, Improving research methodology, Broadening knowledge base in research area, Enabling contextual findings, Review of the literature, searching the existing literature, reviewing the selected literature, Developing a theoretical framework, Developing a conceptual framework, Writing about the literature reviewed. Research Design: Meaning of Research Design, Need for Research Design, Features of a Good Design, Important Concepts Relating to Research Design, Different Research Designs, Basic Principles of Experimental Designs, Important Experimental Designs.
UNIT - 3
Design of Sample Surveys:
Design of Sampling: Introduction, Sample Design, Sampling and Non-sampling Errors, Sample Survey versus Census Survey, Types of Sampling Designs. Measurement and Scaling: Qualitative and Quantitative Data, Classifications of Measurement Scales, Goodness of Measurement Scales, Sources of Error in Measurement, Techniques of Developing Measurement Tools, Scaling, Scale Classification Bases, Scaling Technics, Multidimensional Scaling, Deciding the Scale. Data Collection: Introduction, Experimental and Surveys, Collection of Primary Data, Collection of Secondary Data, Selection of Appropriate Method for Data Collection, Case Study Method.
UNIT – 4
Data Preparation:
Data Preparation Process, Some Problems in Preparation Process, Missing Values and Outliers, Types of Analysis, Statistics in Research. Descriptive Statistics: Measures of Central Tendency, Measures of Dispersion, Measures of Skegness, Kurtosis, Measures of Relationship, Association in case of Attributes, Other Measures.
UNIT - 5
Sampling and Statistical Inference:
Parameters and Statistic, Sampling and Non- Sampling Errors, Sampling Distribution, Degree of Freedom, Standard Error, Central Limit Theorem, Finite Population Correction, Statistical Inference.
UNIT - 6
Testing of Hypotheses:
Hypothesis, Basic Concepts Concerning Testing of Hypotheses, Testing of Hypothesis, Test Statistics and Critical Region, Critical Value and Decision Rule, Procedure for Hypothesis Testing, Hypothesis Testing for Mean, Proportion, Variance, for Difference of Two Mean, for Difference of Two Proportions, for Difference of Two Variances, P-Value approach, Power of Test, Limitations of the Tests of Hypothesis. Chi-square Test: Test of Difference of more than Two Proportions, Test of Independence of Attributes, Test of Goodness of Fit, Caution in Using Chi Square Tests.
UNIT – 7
Analysis of Variance (ANOVA):
The ANOVA Technique, Basic Principle of ANOVA, One way ANOVA, Two way ANOVA, Latin – square Design, Analysis of Co- Variance, Assumptions in Co-Variance.
UNIT – 8
Linear Regression Analysis:
Dependent and Independent Variables, Simple Linear Regression Model, Multiple Linear Regression Model, Problem of Multicolinearity, Qualitative Explanatory Variables. Factor Analysis: The Mathematical Basis, Important Methods of Factor Analysis, Rotation in Factor Analysis, R – Type and Q – Type Factor Analysis, Merits and Demerits of Factor Analysis.
UNIT – 9
Probability:
Random Experiments, Sample Spaces, Events, The Concept of Probability, The Axiomsof Probability, Theorems on Probability, Assignment of Probabilities, Conditional Probability, Theorems on Conditional Probability, Independent Events, Bayes’Theorem. Random Variables, Discrete Probability Distributions, Distribution Functions for RandomVariables, Distribution Functions for Discrete Random Variables, Continuous Random Variables, Graphical Interpretations, Joint Distributions Independent Random Variables, Change of Variables, Probability Distributions of Functions of Random Variables, Convolutions, Conditional Distributions.
UNIT - 10
The Binomial Distribution, Properties of the Binomial Distribution, The Normal Distribution, Properties of the Normal Distribution, Relation Between Binomial and Normal Distributions, The Poisson Distribution, Properties of the Poisson Distribution, Relation Between the Binomial andPoisson Distributions, Relation Between the Poisson and Normal Distributions, The Hypergeometric Distribution.
Reference Books:
(1) Research Methodology Methods and Techniques, C.R. Kothari, Gaurav Garg, New Age International Publishers,4th Edition, 2019.
(2) Research Methodology a step-by-step guide for beginners, Ranjit Kumar, SAGE Publications Ltd, 3rd Edition, 2011. [For Unit -2, Reviewing the Literature]
(3)Probability and Statistics, Murray R. Spiegel, Schaum’s Outline Series, McGraw-Hill, 4th Edition, 2013.[For Unit -9 and Unit – 10]
Part II
Unit 1
Basic Electronics and Network Analysis:
Semiconductor diodes and applications, BJT, BJT biasing, DC load line and bias point, base bias, Voltage divider bias. Basic concepts network analysis, Nodal analysis, Mesh analysis, Network theorems, Transient behavior and Initial conditions, Two port network parameters, Resonant circuits, Network topology.
Unit 2
Analog Electronics and Signal Conditioning Circuits:
BJT AC analysis, FET, MOSFET, FET biasing, FET amplifiers, BJT and FET frequency response, Feedback and Oscillator circuits. Op-amp characteristics and applications, Integrator, differentiator, Wave shaping circuits, F to V and V to F converters, Active filters, Schmitt trigger, Phase locked loop, 555 timers, Analog to Digital converters and Digital to Analog converters.
Unit 3
Digital Design and HDL:
Switching and Logic Levels, Number systems, Number conversion, Boolean algebra and minimization techniques, Combinational circuits, Sequential circuits, Counters and shift registers, Analysis and design of digital circuits using HDL (Verilog).
Unit 4
Microcontrollers:
Introduction to Microcontrollers-8051 for embedded systems, Architecture and register set of 8051, Addressing modes, Instruction set of 8051-Data transfer instructions, Arithmetic instructions, logical instructions, bit and byte level control transfer instructions,8051 assembly programming-stack operations, subroutines, interrupt, 8051 programming as timer/counter, 8051 serial communication 8051 interfacing RS-232, LED, Stepper motor.
Unit 5
Measurement Systems and Biomedical Transducers:
Measurement system, Measurement errors, Ammeter, voltmeter, multimeter, Digital voltmeter, Digital instruments, Oscilloscope, Digital oscilloscopes, Signal generators, Bridge circuits for measurement of R, L, and C. Display devices and recorders, Frequency measurements and phase measurements. Fundamental concepts and basics of transducers, Bioelectric Signals and Electrodes, Pressure Measurement, Temperature transducers, Photoelectric transducers, Flow Transducers,
Unit 6
Human Anatomy and Physiology:
Introduction to Homeostasis, Tissue, Cartilage, Nervous System, Cardiovascular System, Respiratory system, Digestive system, Urinary system, Skeletal system, Muscles and Joints, Eye and Ear.
Unit 7
Control Systems and Communication Systems:
Basics of control systems, Block diagram Reduction, Signal flow graph, Time response analysis, Concepts of stability, Nyquist criteria, Root locus technique, and Bode plot. Amplitude modulation, Angle modulation, Pulse modulation, Digital Band-Pass Modulation Techniques.
Unit 8
Fundamentals of Signals, DSP and Biomedical DSP:
Introduction to signal and systems, Z-transform and its application to analysis of LTI systems, realization of Digital systems, DFT: Properties and Applications, IIR and FIR filters. Nature of biomedical signals and basics of biomedical DSP, Filtering for Artifacts Removal, Signal averaging, ECG signal processing, Data compression techniques.
Unit 9
Medical Image Processing and Medical Imaging Techniques:
Fundamentals of digital image processing, Image Enhancement in Spatial Domain, Image Enhancement In Frequency Domain, Image Restoration, Image compression, Image segmentation. X-Ray Imaging, Computed Tomography, Ultrasound Imaging, Ultrasonic Diagnostic Methods, Radionuclide Imaging, Basics of Magnetic Resonance Imaging, MRI System & Imaging Methods.
Unit 10
Analytical Instrumentation and Biomedical Instrumentation:
Basics of analytical instrumentation, IR Spectroscopy, UV and Visible Spectroscopy, Flame emission and Atomic Absorption spectroscopy, Gas chromatography, HPLC. Electrocardiograph, Electroencephalograph, Electromyograph, Cardiac Pacemakers and Defibrillators, Pulmonary functions measurement, Patient monitoring systems, Ventilators, Electric shock hazards and prevention.