UNIT - 1
Research Methodology:
Introduction, Meaning of Research, Objectives of Research, Types of Research, Research Approaches, Significance of Research, Research Methods versus Methodology, Research and Scientific Method, Research Process, Criteria of Good Research, Problems Encountered by Researchers in India. Defining the Research Problem: Research Problem, Selecting the Problem, Necessity of Defining the Problem, Technique Involved in Defining a Problem.
UNIT - 2
Reviewing the literature:
Place of the literature review in research, Bringing clarity and focus to research problem, Improving research methodology, Broadening knowledge base in research area, Enabling contextual findings, Review of the literature, searching the existing literature, reviewing the selected literature, Developing a theoretical framework, Developing a conceptual framework, Writing about the literature reviewed. Research Design: Meaning of Research Design, Need for Research Design, Features of a Good Design, Important Concepts Relating to Research Design, Different Research Designs, Basic Principles of Experimental Designs, Important Experimental Designs.
UNIT - 3
Design of Sample Surveys:
Design of Sampling: Introduction, Sample Design, Sampling and Non-sampling Errors, Sample Survey versus Census Survey, Types of Sampling Designs. Measurement and Scaling: Qualitative and Quantitative Data, Classifications of Measurement Scales, Goodness of Measurement Scales, Sources of Error in Measurement, Techniques of Developing Measurement Tools, Scaling, Scale Classification Bases, Scaling Technics, Multidimensional Scaling, Deciding the Scale. Data Collection: Introduction, Experimental and Surveys, Collection of Primary Data, Collection of Secondary Data, Selection of Appropriate Method for Data Collection, Case Study Method.
UNIT – 4
Data Preparation:
Data Preparation Process, Some Problems in Preparation Process, Missing Values and Outliers, Types of Analysis, Statistics in Research. Descriptive Statistics: Measures of Central Tendency, Measures of Dispersion, Measures of Skegness, Kurtosis, Measures of Relationship, Association in case of Attributes, Other Measures.
UNIT - 5
Sampling and Statistical Inference:
Parameters and Statistic, Sampling and Non- Sampling Errors, Sampling Distribution, Degree of Freedom, Standard Error, Central Limit Theorem, Finite Population Correction, Statistical Inference.
UNIT - 6
Testing of Hypotheses:
Hypothesis, Basic Concepts Concerning Testing of Hypotheses, Testing of Hypothesis, Test Statistics and Critical Region, Critical Value and Decision Rule, Procedure for Hypothesis Testing, Hypothesis Testing for Mean, Proportion, Variance, for Difference of Two Mean, for Difference of Two Proportions, for Difference of Two Variances, P-Value approach, Power of Test, Limitations of the Tests of Hypothesis. Chi-square Test: Test of Difference of more than Two Proportions, Test of Independence of Attributes, Test of Goodness of Fit, Caution in Using Chi Square Tests.
UNIT – 7
Analysis of Variance (ANOVA):
The ANOVA Technique, Basic Principle of ANOVA, One way ANOVA, Two way ANOVA, Latin – square Design, Analysis of Co- Variance, Assumptions in Co-Variance.
UNIT – 8
Linear Regression Analysis:
Dependent and Independent Variables, Simple Linear Regression Model, Multiple Linear Regression Model, Problem of Multicolinearity, Qualitative Explanatory Variables. Factor Analysis: The Mathematical Basis, Important Methods of Factor Analysis, Rotation in Factor Analysis, R – Type and Q – Type Factor Analysis, Merits and Demerits of Factor Analysis.
UNIT – 9
Probability:
Random Experiments, Sample Spaces, Events, The Concept of Probability, The Axiomsof Probability, Theorems on Probability, Assignment of Probabilities, Conditional Probability, Theorems on Conditional Probability, Independent Events, Bayes’Theorem. Random Variables, Discrete Probability Distributions, Distribution Functions for RandomVariables, Distribution Functions for Discrete Random Variables, Continuous Random Variables, Graphical Interpretations, Joint Distributions Independent Random Variables, Change of Variables, Probability Distributions of Functions of Random Variables, Convolutions, Conditional Distributions.
UNIT - 10
The Binomial Distribution, Properties of the Binomial Distribution, The Normal Distribution, Properties of the Normal Distribution, Relation Between Binomial and Normal Distributions, The Poisson Distribution, Properties of the Poisson Distribution, Relation Between the Binomial andPoisson Distributions, Relation Between the Poisson and Normal Distributions, The Hypergeometric Distribution.
Reference Books:
(1) Research Methodology Methods and Techniques, C.R. Kothari, Gaurav Garg, New Age International Publishers,4th Edition, 2019.
(2) Research Methodology a step-by-step guide for beginners, Ranjit Kumar, SAGE Publications Ltd, 3rd Edition, 2011. [For Unit -2, Reviewing the Literature]
(3)Probability and Statistics, Murray R. Spiegel, Schaum’s Outline Series, McGraw-Hill, 4th Edition, 2013.[For Unit -9 and Unit – 10]
Part II
Unit 1
Textile Polymers:
Classification of polymers. Various Fibre forming polymers. Application of polymers.Study of various methods of polymerisationviz addition, chain, co-ordination polymerization. Study of various types of initiators. Techniques of polymerisation. Copolymerisation. Nature of polymeric fluids. Flow of polymeric fluids, theology of polymers – derivation of various laws to flow of polymeric fluids. Mechanical behavior of polymers- tensile behavior. Time dependent behaviour and temperature dependent mechanical behaviour. Thermal analysis of polymers – glass transition temperature of polymers. Determination of glass transition temperature. Free volume concept. Time temperature Superposition in polymers. Study of thermal characterization by DSC, DTA and TGA.
Unit 2
Textile Fibres:
Basic requirements of textile fibers. cultivation & grading of cotton, wool, silk, & jute fibers. Brief study of physical & chemical properties of cotton, wool, silk &bast fibers. India’s position of natural fibers in global scenario. Regenerated fibers, chemistry and physics of viscose rayon production. Production of modified viscose rayon, brief out line on production of acetate &cupramonium rayon. Manufacture of Tencel, ‘Modal’ ‘lyocell’, Bamboo and Basalt fibre. Production of raw materials for synthetic fibres. Study of Production of PET by DMT & TPA routes. Study of Production of polyamides, effect of various parameters on nylon-6 Production study of semi-continuous & integrated continuous process for Production of nylon-6, Production of nylon-66. Study of Production of carbon, boron, silicon, carbide, alumina & glass fibres. Study of Production of aromatic polyamides viz. Nomex, Kevlar, technova. Concept of liquid crystal, thermo tropic & Leo tropic polymers &fibres. Study of Production of LDPE, HDPE, by GEL spinning technique. Production and properties of PBZT AND PBZOfibres.Study of moisture, mechanical, optical, Frictional, thermal and electrical properties of Textile fibers.
Unit 3
Yarn Manufacture-1
Blow Room:
Modern developments in blowroom machineries, evaluation of blowroom performance, calculation regarding blowroom line. Need of blending, Process modification required in blowroom for processing various blends like Polyester/cotton, Polyester/viscose, silk and its blends. Types of blending operation and blending procedure. Various quality control studies in blowroom like rejection percentage, cleaning efficiency within and between lap variations.
Carding:
Study on working of revolving flat card, calculation of production, draft etc. incarding. Modern developments in carding. Various quality control studies in carding.
Drawing:
Operating principle of draw frame., roller drafting systems, behaviour of fibres of drafting zone. Friction field, distribution for drafting arrangement. Autolevelling in drawframe. Calculations pertaining to drawframe. Quality control studies in drawframe.
Combing:
Hook theory. Preparatory process for combing. Types of comber. Sequence of operations in rectilinear comber, straightening of hooks, parameters influencing the combing operations. Detailed study of modern combing Calculations in comber, fractionating efficiency, quality control studies in combing.
Unit 4
Yarn Manufacture-2
Speed Frame:
Operating sequence, drafting arrangements and systems. Design of spindle and flyer. Winding of bobbin – mechanism, package built bobbin drive, cone drive, lifter motion and builder motion, bobbin leading and flyer leading mechanism, Study modernspeed frames. Quality control studies in speed frame, calculations pertaining to speed frame.
Ring Frame:
Study of the ring frame mechanisms. Twist flow in Ring spinning.Latest developments in ring spinning. Production calculations Modifications required in ring frames to process various types of blends. Studies on ring and travelers and ring doublers.
Open End Spinning:
Limitations of Ring spinning. Principles of O E Spinning. Rotor Spinning. Study on Unconventional Spinning i.eDreff Spinning, Airjet Spinning and Compact Spinning.Texturising: Study on different methods of texturising. False twist, draw texturing, airjet texturing, stuffer box crimping, knife edge crimping, knit-de-knit crimping.
Unit 5
Fabric Manufacture-1
Winding:
Detailed study on warp and weft winding.
Warping:
Different types of modern creels. Study of modern, friction driven and spindle driven beam warping machines. Study of different types of sectional warping machines and their salient features.
Sizing:
Objects of sizing. Study of Ingredients used for size preparation. Size formulation, mixing vessels Techniques of sizing, Sizing of Natural, man-made fibres and their blends. Concept of single end sizing.Studies on various sizing machine.
Shedding:
Detailed studies on shedding, picking, betup, secondary.Auxiliary and box motions.
Automatic Looms:
Cop changing, shuttle changing looms, feelers, types of feelers, shuttle eye cutters, temple eye cutters and their settings.
Unit 6
Fabric Manufacture-2
Dobby Looms:
Mechanical design and working principles of different types of dobbys
Jacquard:
Mechanical design and operating principles of different types of jacquard.
Shuttle-less looms:
Study of special features of rapier, projectile, water-jet, Air-jet looms.
Unit 7
Chemical Processing: 1
Preparatory process to Dyeing/Printing:
Methods of singeing, Methods of desizing, Mechanism of scouring, methods of scouring, scouring of natural cellulose fabrics, degumming of silk, scouring of wool and jute, scouring of synthetic, Mechanism of bleaching, methods of bleaching, bleaching of various fibres.
Mercerization:
Studies on mercerizationDevelopments of mercerization, physical and chemical changes in cotton due to mercerization, various factors affecting mercerization, methods of mercerization – yarns and fabrics,
Dyeing:
Chemicals Effect of fibre structure on dyeing behaviour. Theories of dyeing,Properties, Selection and application of various dyes like direct dyes, basic dyes, acid dyes, Sulphur dyes, Azoic dyes, Vat dyes, Sol-vat dyes, Mordant dyes, Reactive dyes, Disperse dyes, Modified basic dyes on important natural and manufactured fibres. Various after treatments given to dyed goods. Introduction to natural dyes and their methods of application. Factors affecting dyeing.Working principles of dyeing machinery for yarns, fabrics and garments.
Unit 8
Chemical Processing: 2
Textile Printing:
The constituents and characteristic of printing paste. Brief study of different binders, thickeners, solvents, discharging agents and other ingredients of printing paste.Styles of printing above styles. Methods of printing – Printing by Hand block, Roller, hand screen, semi-automatic screen, flat bed and rotary screen and transfer printing methods.
Textile Finishing:
Classification of various finishes. Various finishing chemicals used and their properties. Calendering and various calendering machines used. Sanforization – principle and the process. Resin and anti-crease finish on cotton and protein fibre fabrics. Water repellent finishes, fire retardant and fire proof finishes. Finishing of woollen materials, silk fabrics and blended products. Finishing of synthetic fibre fabrics - heat setting, de-lustering, anti-static, soil release, etc.
Unit 9
Silk Technology
Status of sericulture and silk industry in India and abroad. Mulberry cultivationpractices, Silk worm rearing, recent developments in rearing. Different types of cocoons, Physical and commercial characteristics, sorting and testing of cocoons. Stifling of cocoons, Merits & Demerits of silk reeling, systems of reeling, Recent developments in silk reeling.Manufacture of silk yarns for ordinary, Chiffon, Crape, Georgette fabrics. Recent developments in silk throwing machines. Silk weaving preparatory for warp & weft yarns, handloom fabrics.
Unit 10
Textile Testing and quality control
Sampling techniques. Moisture relation and testing. Fiber dimensions Viz., length, fineness, maturity and strength. Their technological importance and determination by various conventional and High Volume Instruments (HVI). FQI & its importance.Study of various systems of yarn count & its measurements by various methods & instruments. Nep counting. Yarn twist & its effects on yarn & fabric properties. Principles & measurements of single & double yarn twist. Importance of twist multiplier. Yarn strength testing. Testing & grading of silk yarns. Principles of various evenness testers & measurement of evenness for sliver, roving &yarns. On-line quality control systems. Yarn friction &itsmeasurements. Determination of fabric length, width, thickness, weight. Thread density, crimp, air permeability. Thermal property, stiffness, handle, drape, shear, serviceability, wear, & abrasion resistance. Pilling, flammability, aesthetic properties. Fabric strength- tensile, tearing, bursting. Water & fabric relations & testing. Study of water penetration, shrinkage test, wetting of apparels & industrial fabrics. penetration of fabrics by water under pressure. Study of fabric cyclic properties like bending, shear, fatigue. Estimation of color fastness of dyed fabrics. Low stress mechanical and comfort properties of fabrics. Moisture management test.Statistical quality control studies. Assessment of fabric quality for garment industry - Testing & Inspection.