Bioelectric Signals and Electrodes :
Sources of biomedical signals, basic medical instrumentation system, PC based medical instruments, General constraints in design of medical instrumentation systems, origin of bioelectric signals, Electrocardiogram (ECG), Electroencephalogram (EEG), Electromyogram (EMG), Electrooculogram (EOG), Electroretinogram (ERG), Recording Electrodes – Electrode-tissue interface, polarization, skin contact impedance, motion artifacts, Silver-Silver Chloride electrodes, Electrodes for ECG, Electrodes for EEG, Electrodes of EMG, Electrical conductivity of electrode jellies and creams, microelectrodes
Biomedical Recording Systems & Recorders :
Electrocardiograph-block diagram, ECG leads, effects of artifacts, multi-channel, ECG machine, Phonocardiograph-origin of heart sounds, microphones and amplifiers for PCG, Electroencephalograph- block diagram, computerized analysis of EEG, Electromyograph, biofeedback instrumentation.
Patient Monitoring Systems & Oximeters:
Bedside monitors, Central Monitors, Measurement of Heart Rate, Average Heart Rate meter, Instantaneous heart rate meter, Measurement of pulse rate, Blood Pressure measurement ,Direct and indirect method, Automatic blood pressure measuring apparatus using Korotkoff‟s method. Oximetry, ear oximeter, pulse oximeter, skin reflectance oximeter and intravascular oximeter.
Blood Flow Meters, Cardiac Pacemakers and Defibrillators:
Electromagnetic blood flow meter, Types of electromagnetic blood flow meters, Ultrasonic blood flow meters, NMR blood flow meters, Laser Doppler blood flow meters. Need for Cardiac pacemaker, External Pacemaker, Implantable Pacemaker, Types of Implantable Pacemaker, Ventricular Synchronous Demand Pacemaker and Programmable Pacemaker. Need for a defibrillator, DC defibrillator. Defibrillator electrodes, DC defibrillator with synchronizer.
Respiratory & Advanced Diagnostic & Therapeutic Instruments:
Pulmonary function measurement, basic spirometer, ultrasonic spirometer, Pneumotachometer, Measurement of volume by Nitrogen washout technique. Artificial kidney-Principle and haemodialysis machine. Lithotriptors- principle, modern lithotriptor-block diagram and working. Anesthesia-Need for anesthesia, delivery of anesthesia, anesthesia machine. Infusion pumps-principle and programmable volumetric infusion pump.