Introduction:
Types of energy sources, their availability, need of alternative energy sources, Non-conventional energy sources, Classification of alternative fuels, Scenario of conventional auto fuels, fuel quality aspects related to emissions. Technological up gradation required, business driving factors for alternative fuels. Implementation barriers for alternative fuels.
Gaseous Alternative Fuels:
Hydrogen:
Introduction, properties and production of hydrogen. Storage, Advantages and disadvantages of hydrogen as fuel for S. I. and C. I. engines. Hazards and safety systems for hydrogen, hydrogen combustion. Performance and emission of from hydrogen.
Other Gaseous Fuels:
Properties, production, advantages and disadvantages of LPG, CNG, Methanol and Ethanol and their blends as Fuel for SI and CI engine.
Bio-Diesel:
Straight vegetable oil, Biodiesel-Production of Bio-Diesel, Bio-Diesel as Fuel for CI engine, Performance and emission of bio diesel.
Biogas or Biomethane:
History, properties and production of Biogas, classification of biogas plants, biogas storage and dispensing system. Advantages of biogas, hazards and emissions of biogas.
Reformulated conventional fuels:
Introduction. Production of coal water slurry. Properties, as an engine fuel, emissions of CWS. RFG, Emulsified fuels. Hydrogen-enriched gasoline. Future Alternative Fuels, PMF, Ammonia, Liquid-Nitrogen.
Source of Emission from Automobiles:
Sources of Air Pollution. Various emissions from Automobiles- FormationEffects of pollutants on environment and human beings.
S. I. Engine Emissions and its Control:
Emission formation in SI Engines- Carbon monoxide & Carbon dioxide - Unburned hydrocarbon, NOx, Smoke-Effects of design and operating variables on emission formation- controlling of pollutants - Catalytic converters, Charcoal Canister, CCS, Positive Crank case ventilation system, Secondary air injection, thermal reactor, Laser Assisted Combustion, etc.
C. I. Engine Emission and its Control:
Formation of White, Blue, and Black Smoke, NOx, soot, sulphur particulate and Intermediate Compounds - Physical and Chemical delay- Significance Effect of operating variables on Emission formation- Fumigation, Split injection, Add Blue, Catalytic Coating, EGR, HCCI, Particulate Traps, SCR.
Influence of Fuel Properties on Emission and Effect of Air Pollution:
Effect of petrol, Diesel Fuel, Alternative Fuels and lubricants on emissions, Effect of air pollution on Human Health, Effect of air pollution on animals, Effect of air pollution on plants
Test Procedures and Emission Measurements:
Constant Volume Sampling I and 3 (CVS-1&CVS-3) Systems, Sampling Procedures- Chassis dyno- Seven mode and thirteen mode cycles for Emission Sampling-Sampling problems - Emission analyzers - NDIR, FID, Chemiluminesecent, Smoke meters.