Measurements, Measurement Systems and Standards of Measurement: Definition, significance of measurement, generalized measurement system, definition and concept of accuracy, precision, sensitivity, Calibration, threshold, hysteresis, repeatability, linearity, loading effect, system response, time delay, errors in measurement, classification of errors. Definition and objectives of metrology, Standard of length- International prototype meter, Imperial standard yard, Wave length standard, Subdivision of standards, line and end standard, comparison, Transfer from line standard to end standard, calibration of end bars (Numerical)
Comparators and Angular Measurements:
Introduction to Comparator, Characteristics, Classification of Comparators, Sigma comparators, dial indicators, optical comparators, principles, ziess ultra optimeter, Electric and electronic comparators –principles, LVDT, pneumatic comparators, back pressure gauges, solex comparators. Bevel protractor. Sine principle, use of sine bars, sine centre, angle gauges (numerical on building of angles)
Transducers, Intermediate Modifying Devices and Interferometer: Transfer efficiency, primary and secondary transducers, Mechanical, electrical, electronic transducers, advantages of each type of transducers. Mechanical systems, inherent problems, electrical intermediate modifying devices, input circuitry, signal transmission (hydraulic transmission, magnetic transmission, electrical transmission) Clinometers. Principle of inter-ferometry, autocollimator, optical flats.
Measurement of Force, Torque and Display Devices: Principle, analytical balance, platform balance proving ring, torque measurement, types of dynamometers prony brake, Hydraulic dynamometer, Eddy current dynamometer. Mechanical, digital read out devices, ultraviolet recorders, servo-recorders cathode ray oscilloscope, Oscillographs, X-Y plotters.
System of Limits, Fits, Tolerance and Gauging:
Definition of tolerance, Specification in assembly, Principle of interchangeability and selective assembly, limits of size, Indian standards, concept of limits of size and tolerances, definition of fits, hole basis system, shaft basis system, types of fits and their designation (IS 919-1963), geometric tolerance, position-tolerances.
Strain, Pressure and Temperature Measurement:
Strain gauge, preparation and mounting of strain gauges, gauge factor, Methods of strain measurement Principle, use of elastic members, bridge man gauge, Mcleod gauge, thermal conductivity gauge, (pirani gauge and thermocouple vacuum gauge) ionization gauge, Resistance thermometers, thermocouple, law of thermocouple, thermocouple circuits, thermocouple materials, pyrometers, optical pyrometer.