Fundamental Concepts & Basic Transducers:
Introduction, Classification of Transducers, Measurement, Signals and Noise in the measurement-Measurement, signals and noise, signal to noise ratio, different types of noise. Characteristics of Measurement system-Transducer and measurement system, static characteristics, dynamic characteristics, standard and calibration, accuracy and error.
Bioelectric Signals and Electrodes:
Sources of Biomedical Signals, Origin of Bioelectric Signals, Electrocardiogram (ECG), Electroencephalogram (EEG), Electromyogram (EMG), Electrooculogram (EOG), Electroretinogram (ERG), Recording Electrodes– Electrode-tissue interface, Electrolyte-Skin interface, polarization, skin contact impedance, motion artifacts, Silver-Silver Chloride electrodes, Electrodes for ECG, Electrodes for EEG, Electrodes of EMG, Electrical conductivity of electrode jellies and creams, microelectrodes.
Pressure Measurement:
Pressure Transducers-LVDT pressure transducers and Strain gauge pressure transducers. Physiological pressure ranges and measurement sites, Direct pressure measurement-catheters for pressure measurement, diaphragm displacement transducers, catheter tip pressure transducers, implantable pressure transducers and pressure telemetering capsules. Indirect pressure measurement-Indirect measurement of systolic, diastolic, and mean blood pressure, Detection of Kortokoff sounds.
Temperature Measurement, Transducers and Sensors:
Requirements for measurementranges, Temperature transducers – Thermistors, thermocouples, wire and thin film thermo-resistive elements, P-N junction diodes and transistors, infrared radiation thermometers, infrared thermography. Clinical thermometer probes, tympanic thermometers, telemetering capsules. Photoelectric Transducers: photovoltaic cells and photoemissive cells. Biosensors and Smart Sensors
Flow Measurement:
Requirements for measurement ranges – blood flow in a single vessel, tissue blood flow, and respiratory gas flow. Electromagnetic flowmeters – principle, methods of magnetic field excitation, perivascular probes, intravascular probes. Ultrasonic blood flowmeters– propagation of ultrasound in the tissue, ultrasonic Doppler flowmeters, blood flow measurement through Doppler imaging. Indicator dilution method – principle and working, thermodilution method, Fick method, thermistor velocity probe, impedance cardiography.
Course Outcomes:
After studying this course, students will able to:
1. Understand the working principle and construction details of Transducers.
2. Improve the measurement techniques through different approach.
3. Practically can implement the technology in measurement field.
Question Paper Pattern:
• The question paper will have TEN questions.
• Each full question carry 20 marks
• There will be TWO full questions (with maximum of THREE sub questions) from each module.
• Each full question will have sub questions covering all the topics under a module.
• The students will have to answer FIVE full questions, selecting ONE full question from each module.
Textbooks:
1. Biomedical Transducers and Instruments – Tatsuo Togawa, Toshiyo Tamura and P. Ake Oberg, CRC Press, 1997.
2. Handbook of Biomedical Instrumentation- R S Khandpur, 2nd edition, Tata McGraw Hill, 2003.
Reference Books:
1. Biomedical Instrumentation and Measurement – Leslie Cromwell, Fred J Weibell and Erich A. Pfeiffer, 2nd Edition, Prentice-Hall India Pvt. Ltd., 2004.
2. Transducers and Instrumentation -D. V. S. Murty Prentice Hall India Pvt ltd. 2nd Edition