Electrocardiogram:
Action potentials in cardiac muscle, Characteristics of the normal ECG, Cardiac arrhythmias and their electrocardiographic interpretation- Abnormal sinus rhythms, Abnormal Rhythms by impulse conduction blocks, Premature contractions, Paroxysmal Tachycardia, Ventricular & Atrial Fibrillation, Atrial Flutter, Cardiac arrest. Heart sounds, Phonocardiogram, Valvular lesions (Abnormal heart sounds) (Text1: Chapter 9, Chapter 11, Chapter 13, Chapter 23)
Catheterization Laboratory Instrumentation, Arrhythmia monitor, Exercise stress testing, Ambulatory monitoring instruments (Text2: 6.10, 7.2, 7.4, 7.5) Foetal Monitoring Instruments: Cardiotocograph, Abdominal Foetal Electrocardiogram, Foetal Phonocardiogram (Text2: 8.1, 8.2.1, 8.2.2) Oximeters: Oximetry, Ear Oximeter, Pulse Oximeter, Skin reflectance Oximeters, Intravascular Oximeter (Text2: 10.1, 10.2, 10.3, 10.4, 10.5)
Anatomy of human eye, Physiology of vision, Errors of refraction and their optical correction, Aqueous humor production and drainage, Strabismus. Clinical methods: Spectacles and contact lenses, Refractive surgery, Snellen’s Chart, Cover – uncover test, Maddox rod test, Maddox wing test. (Text 3: Chapter 1, Chapter 2, Chapter 3, Chapter 9, Chapter 13, Chapter 21, Chapter 23)
Tonometry and its types, Perimetry – Peripheral Field Charting, Central Field Charting, Fundus Fluorescein Angiography, Electroretinography, Electro-oculography, Loupe & Lens Examination, Slit- Lamp Examination, Gonioscopy, Retinoscope- Principle, Procedure & Types, Refractometry, Keratometry- principle and types, subjective refraction, Ophthalmoscopy-Direct & Indirect (Text 3: Chapter 21, Chapter 23)
Cataract – list of classification only, Surgical techniques for cataract extraction – Intracapsular cataract extraction &Extracapsular cataract extraction for adulthood cataract, Phacoemulsification, Intraocular lens implantation. General considerations of Glaucoma, surgical procedures for Glaucoma, Vitreous Liquefaction, Vitreous Opacities, Vitreous Haemorrhage, Vitrectomy-types and techniques, Lasers in Ophthalmology, Cryotherapy in Ophthalmology, (Text 3: Chapter 8, Chapter 9, Chapter 10, Chapter 18)
Course Outcomes:
After studying this course, students will able to:
1. Analyze and interpret the types of heart abnormalities.
2. Describe the constructional details of equipment’s used in cardiology.
3. Explain the basic principles of ophthalmology instruments.
4. Discuss the clinical methods and surgical procedures in ophthalmology.
5. Use few of the ophthalmological instruments for diagnostic purpose.
Question Paper Pattern:
• The question paper will have TEN questions.
• Each full question carry 20 marks
• There will be TWO full questions (with maximum of THREE sub questions) from each module.
• Each full question will have sub questions covering all the topics under a module.
• The students will have to answer FIVE full questions, selecting ONE full question from each module.
Textbooks:
1. “Textbook of Medical Physiology”, Guyton & Hall, 11th Edition, Reed Elsevier Pvt. Ltd., 2007.
2. “Handbook of Biomedical Instrumentation”, R S Khandpur, 2nd edition, McGrawHill Education, 2013.
3. “Comprehensive Ophthalmology”, A. K. Khurana, 4th Edition, New Age International Ltd., 2010