BONDING: Atomic and Molecular orbital theory: Theory of bonding, Types of bonds, Hydrogen bond with discussion on interaction between two atoms such as exchange of electron, screen effect of electrons, ionic character of H-OH bond. Anti bonding, Bond theory of metals, Theory of resonance, Structural stability, structure of carbonate ion and benzene, Importance of resonance compounds.
COLLIGATIVE PROPERTIES:
Colligative properties - meaning and types, Lowering of vapor pressure - Raoult’s law - statement, limitation, Determination of molecular weight by lowering of vapor pressure. Problems, Ostwald’s and Walker’s method, Elevation in boiling point of a solvent – derivation, Experimental determination of molecular weight by ebullioscopy method, problems, Isotonic solutions - abnormal molecular weight. Osmosis and osmotic pressure – explanation of the terms, effect of temperature and concentration and simultaneous effect of both, Determination of molecular weight, Berkeley and Hartley’s method.
ISOMERISM:
Definition, Types, Conformational isomerism in alkanes, free rotation about carbon- carbon single bond, conformation of ethane, propane n, butane , relative stability of different conformations. Optical isomers – Isomer number & tetrahedral carbon atom chirality, optical isomerism with one asymmetric carbon atom, Polarimeter, Specific rotation, Enantiomerism R & S Nomenclature. Geometrical isomerism – Definition, conditions for geometrical isomerism, cis-trans & E-Z nomenclature, physical & chemical properties of geometrical isomerism 4 Hrs
COORDINATION CHEMISTRY:
Werner’s theory, Nomenclature, effective atomic number, stability of complex ions, factors affecting the stability, stereochemistry of coordination compounds. Isomerism of co-ordination compounds. Importance of coordination compounds.4 Hrs
HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS:
Nomenclature, Classification, Structure, Preparation, Properties & Reactions of Heterocyclic, Analogues of Cyclopropane, Cyclo butane Cyclopentadiene, Heterocyclic’s one or more hetero atoms, Azetidenes, Furans, Pyratidine, Pyroles, diazines, Fused heterocyclics, Heterocyclics in Dyes, Medicines, Natural products
REACTIONS & MECHANISMS: Concept of Steady states, reactive intermediates, Carbanions, Carbocations, Inductive and resonance effects. Mechanism of nucleophilic substitution (SN1 and s2) in alkyl halides. Mechanism of elimination reactions (E1 and E2). Mechanism of electrophilic substitution in benzene, nitration, sulphonation, halogenation. Friedelcrafts alkyl and acylation reactions. Electronic interpretation of orienting influence of substituents in aromatic electrophilic of toluene, chlorobenzene, phenol and nitrobenzene. Solvents effects