INTRODUCTION: Human activities and environmental pollution. Requirement of Water for various beneficial uses. Need for protected water supply. 2 Hours DEMAND OF WATER: Types of water demands- domestic demand in detail, institutional and commercial, public uses, fire demand. Per capita consumption –factors affecting per capita demand, population forecasting, different methods with merits &demerits- variations in demand of water. Fire demand – estimation by Kuichling’s formula, Freeman formula & national board of fire underwriters formula, peak factors, design periods & factors governing the design periods 6 Hours
SOURCES: Surface and subsurface sources – suitability with regard to quality and quantity. 3 Hours COLLECTION AND CONVEYANCE OF WATER: Intake structures – different types of intakes; factor of selection and location of intakes. Pumps- Necessity, types – power of pumps; factors for the selection of a pump. Pipes – Design of the economical diameter for the rising main; Nomograms – use; Pipe appurtenances. 6 Hours
Objectives of water quality management. Concept of safe water, wholesomeness & palatability, water born diseases. Examination of Water :- Objectives – Physical chemical and Microbiological Examinations, (IS: 3025 and IS: 1622) using analytical and instrumental techniques. Drinking water standards BIS & WHO guidelines. Health significance of Fluoride, Nitrates and heavy metals like Mercury, Cadmium, Arsenic etc. Sampling of water for examination.
WATER TREATMENT: Objectives – Treatment flow-chart. Aeration- Principles, types of Aerators. 2 Hours SEDIMENTATION: Theory, settling tanks, types, design. Coagulant aided sedimentation, jar test, chemical feeding, flash mixing, and clari-flocculator. 4 Hours
Mechanism – theory of filtration, types of filters, slow sand, rapid sand and pressure filters including construction, operation, cleaning and their design – excluding under drainage system – back washing of filters. Operational problems in filters.
DISINFECTION: Theory of disinfection, types of disinfection, Chlorination, chlorine demand, residual chlorine, use of bleaching powder. UV irradiation treatment – treatment of swimming pool water 4 Hours SOFTENING – definition, methods of removal of hardness by lime soda process and zeolite process RO & Membrane technique. 3 Hours
MISCELLANEOUS TREATMENT: Removal of color, odor, taste, use of copper sulfate, adsorption technique, fluoridation and defluoridation. 4 Hours DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS: System of supply, service reservoirs and their capacity determination, methods of layout of distribution systems. 4 Hours
Pipe appurtenances, various valves, type of fire hydrants, pipefitting, Layout of water supply pipes in buildings.