Errors and classification of errors Precision and accuracy, Laws of weights and accidental errors.
Probability distribution function and density function-normal distribution. RMS error-measure of precision. Rejection of observations-principles of least squares-Normal equations.
Triangulation adjustment. Angle adjustment, station adjustment and figure adjustment.
Introduction, Electro Magnetic (EM) Waves. Phase comparison and modulations. Instruments – Geodimeter – Tellurimeter – Distomat – Range finders – Radars. Introduction to GPS Total station.
Earth celestial sphere. Solar system Position by altitude and azimuth system-spherical triangle and spherical trigonometry. Astronomical triangle. Nepiers rule.
Siderial time, day and year-solar time and day-Greenwich mean time-standard time. Meridian and azimuth-their determination-latitude and its determination.
Methods of soundings. Instruments. Three point problem. Tidal and Stream discharge measurem
Introduction. Setting out of buildings, culverts, bridge, pipeline and sewers, tunnels.