(a) Measurement Errors: Gross errors and systematic errors, Absolute and relative errors, Accuracy, Precision, Resolution and Significant figures. (Text 2: 2.1 to 2.3) (b) Voltmeters and Multimeters Introduction, Multirange voltmeter, Extending voltmeter ranges, Loading, AC voltmeter using Rectifiers – Half wave and full wave, Peak responding and True RMS voltmeters. (Text 1: 4.1, 4.4 to 4.6, 4.12 to 4.14, 4.17, 4.18)
Digital Voltmeters – Introduction, DVM’s based on V – T, V – F and Successive approximation principles, Resolution and sensitivity, General specifications, Digital Multi-meters, Digital frequency meters, Digital measurement of time(Text 1: 5.1 to 5.6; 5.9 and 5.10; 6.1 to 6.4)
Introduction, Basic principles, CRT features, Block diagram and working of each block, Typical CRT connections, Dual beam and dual trace CROs, Electronic switch(Text 1: 7.1 to 7.9, 7.12, 7.14 to 7.16)
Delayed time-base oscilloscopes, Analog storage, Sampling and Digital storage oscilloscopes(Text 2: 10.1 to 10.4 )
Introduction, Fixed and variable AF oscillator, Standard signal generator, Laboratory type signal generator, AF sine and Square wave generator, Function generator, Square and Pulse generator, Sweep frequency generator, Frequency synthesizer(Text 1: 8.1 to 8.9 and Text 2: 11.5, 11.6 )
Whetstone’s bridge, Kelvin Bridge; AC bridges, Capacitance Comparison Bridge, Maxwell’s bridge, Wein’s bridge, Wagner’s earth connection (Text 1: 11.1 to 11.3, 11.8, 11.9, 11.11, 11.14 and 11.15 )
Introduction, Electrical transducers, Selecting a transducer, Resistive transducer, Resistive position transducer, Strain gauges, Resistance thermometer, Thermistor, Inductive transducer, Differential output transducers and LVDT, (Text 1: 13.1 to 13.11 )
(a) Transducers - II –Piezoelectric transducer, Photoelectric transducer, Photovoltaic transducer, Semiconductor photo devices, Temperature transducers-RTD, Thermocouple (Text 1: 13.15 to 13.20) (b) Display devices: Digital display system, classification of display, Display devices, LEDs, LCD displays(Text 1: 2.7 to 2.11) (c) Bolometer and RF power measurement using Bolometer (Text 1: 20.1 to 20.9) (d) Introduction to Signal conditioning(Text 1: 14.1 )