Random variables: Several random variables. Statistical averages: Function of Random variables, moments, Mean, Correlation and Covariance function: Principles of autocorrelation function, cross – correlation functions. Central limit theorem, Properties of Gaussian process.
Introduction, AM: Time-Domain description, Frequency – Domain description. Generation of AM wave: square law modulator, switching modulator. Detection of AM waves: square law detector, envelop detector. Double side band suppressed carrier modulation (DSBSC): Time-Domain description, Frequency-Domain representation, Generation of DSBSC waves: balanced modulator, ring modulator. Coherent detection of DSBSC modulated waves. Costas loop.
Quadrature carrier multiplexing, Hilbert transform, properties of Hilbert transform, Pre-envelope, Canonical representation of band pass signals, Single side-band modulation, Frequency-Domain description of SSB wave, Time-Domain description. Phase discrimination method for generating an SSB modulated wave, Time-Domain description. Phase discrimination method for generating an SSB modulated wave. Demodulation of SSB waves.
Frequency – Domain description, Generation of VSB modulated wave, Time - Domain description, Envelop detection of VSB wave plus carrier, Comparison of amplitude modulation techniques, Frequency translation, Frequency division multiplexing, Application: Radio broadcasting, AM radio.
Basic definitions, FM, narrow band FM, wide band FM, transmission bandwidth of FM waves, generation of FM waves: indirect FM and direct FM.
Demodulation of FM waves, FM stereo multiplexing, Phase-locked loop, Nonlinear model of the phase – locked loop, Linear model of the phase – locked loop, Nonlinear effects in FM systems.
Introduction, shot noise, thermal noise, white noise, Noise equivalent bandwidth, Narrow bandwidth, Noise Figure, Equivalent noise temperature, cascade connection of two-port networks.
Introduction, Receiver model, Noise in DSB-SC receivers, Noise in SSB receivers, Noise in AM receivers, Threshold effect, Noise in FM receivers, FM threshold effect, Pre-emphasis and De-emphasis in FM.