Introduction, Elementary graph theory – oriented graph, tree, co-tree, basic cut-sets, basic loops; Incidence matrices – Element-node, Bus incidence, Tree-branch path, Basic cut-set, Augmented cut-set, Basic loop and Augmented loop; Primitive network – impedance form and admittance form.
Introduction, Formation of YBUS – by method of inspection (including transformer off-nominal tap setting), by method of singular transformation (YBUS = ATyA); Formation of Bus Impedance Matrix by step by step building algorithm (without mutual coupling elements).
Introduction, Power flow equations, Classification of buses, Operating constraints, Data for load flow; Gauss-Seidal Method – Algorithm and flow chart for PQ and PV buses (numerical problem for one iteration only), Acceleration of convergence; Newton Raphson Method – Algorithm and flow chart for NR method in polar coordinates (numerical problem for one iteration only); Algorithm for Fast Decoupled load flow method; Comparison of Load Flow Methods.
Introduction, Performance curves, Economic generation scheduling neglecting losses and generator limits, Economic generation scheduling including generator limits and neglecting losses; Iterative techniques; Economic Dispatch including transmission losses – approximate penalty factor, iterative technique for solution of economic dispatch with losses; Derivation of transmission loss formula; Optimal scheduling for Hydrothermal plants – problem formulation, solution procedure and algorithm.
Numerical solution of Swing Equation – Point-by-point method, Modified Euler’s method, Runge-Kutta method, Milne’s predictor corrector method. Representation of power system for transient stability studies – load representation, network performance equations. Solution techniques with flow charts.