Classification and Functional Elements of Instrument/ measurementsystem: Measurement, significance of measurement, instruments andmeasurement systems, mechanical, electrical and electronic instruments,Deflection & Null type instruments and their comparison, Analog anddigital modes of operation, functions of instruments and measurementsystems, applications of measurement systems, Elements of generalizedmeasurement system, Input-output configuration of measuring instrumentsand measurement systems, methods of correction for interfering andmodifying inputs. Transducers, Classifications of transducers-primary &secondary, active & passive, analog and digital transducers.
Static and Dynamic Characteristics: Static calibration and errorcalibration curve, accuracy and precision, indications of precision, staticerror, scale range and scale span, reproducibility and drift, repeatability,signal to noise ratio, sensitivity, linearity, hysteresis, threshold, dead zoneand dead time, resolution, signal to noise ratio, factors influencing thechoice of transducers/instruments.Dynamic response – dynamic characteristics, time domain analysis &different types of inputs, frequency domain analysis. Time domain response– zero order system, first order electrical system, response of a first ordersystem to step & ramp input, Second order system, response of a secondorder system to step input, time domain specifications, frequency responseof first and second order system.
Measurement of Displacement: Introduction, Principles of Transduction,Variable resistance devices, variable Inductance Transducer, VariableCapacitance Transducer, Hall Effect Devices, Proximity Devices, DigitalTransducerMeasurement of Level: Capacitance probes, conductivity probes,differential pressure level detector, float level devices, optical levelswitches, radiation level sensor, ultrasonic level detector, thermal levelsensors
Measurement of Strain: Introduction, Factors affecting strainmeasurements, Types of Strain Gauges, Theory of operation of resistancestrain gauges, Types of Electrical Strain Gauges – Wire gauges, unboundedstrain gauges, foil gauges, semiconductor strain gauges (principle, types &list of characteristics only), Materials for Strain Gauges, Strain gaugeCircuits – Wheatstone bride circuit, Applications.Measurement of Force & Torque: Introduction, Force measuring sensor –Load cells – column types devices, proving rings, cantilever beam,pressductor. Hydraulic load cell, Electronic weighing system. Torquemeasurement: Absorption type, transmission type, stress type & deflectiontype.
Measurement of Pressure: Introduction, Diaphragms, Other elasticelements, Transduction methods – potentiometric device, strain gaugetransducer, variable reluctance, LVDT type, variable capacitance device(principle & working, no derivation), force balance transducer withanalysis, thin-film pressure transducers, piezoelectric pressure transducer,pressure multiplexer, pressure calibration.Miscellaneous Sensors: Noise (sound) Sensors, Speed Sensors, ThicknessMeasurement, Weather stations