Basic Structure of Computers: Basic Operational Concepts, Bus Structures, Performance –
Processor Clock, Basic Performance Equation, Clock Rate, Performance Measurement. Machine
Instructions and Programs: Memory Location and Addresses, Memory Operations, Instructions and
Instruction Sequencing, Addressing Modes, Assembly Language, Basic Input and Output
Operations, Stacks and Queues, Subroutines, Additional Instructions, Encoding of Machine
Instructions
Input/Output Organization: Accessing I/O Devices, Interrupts – Interrupt Hardware, Enabling and
Disabling Interrupts, Handling Multiple Devices, Controlling Device Requests, Exceptions, Direct
Memory Access, Buses Interface Circuits, Standard I/O Interfaces – PCI Bus, SCSI Bus, USB.
Memory System: Basic Concepts, Semiconductor RAM Memories, Read Only Memories, Speed,
Size, and Cost, Cache Memories – Mapping Functions, Replacement Algorithms, Performance
Considerations, Virtual Memories, Secondary Storage.
Arithmetic: Numbers, Arithmetic Operations and Characters, Addition and Subtraction of Signed
Numbers, Design of Fast Adders, Multiplication of Positive Numbers, Signed Operand
Multiplication, Fast Multiplication, Integer Division, Floating-point Numbers and Operations.
Basic Processing Unit: Some Fundamental Concepts, Execution of a Complete Instruction,
Multiple Bus Organization, Hard-wired Control, Micro programmed Control. Pipelining,
Embedded Systems and Large Computer Systems: Basic Concepts of pipelining, Examples of
Embedded Systems, Processor chips for embedded applications, Simple Microcontroller, The
structure of General-Purpose Multiprocessors.