Binary Systems and Combinational Logic
Digital Computers and Digital Systems, Binary Numbers, Number Base Conversion, Octal and Hexadecimal Numbers, subtraction using r’s and r-1 complements, Binary Code, Binary Storage and Registers, Binary Logic, Integrated Circuits. Axiomatic Definition of Boolean Algebra, Basic Theorems and Properties of Boolean Algebra, Boolean Functions, Canonical and Standard Forms, Other Logic Operations, Digital Logic Gates, The map Method, Two – and Three – Variable Maps, Four – Variables Map .
Arithmetic Circuits and Sequential Logic
NAND and NOR Implementation, Other Two- Level Implementations, Don’t Care Conditions. Introduction, Adders, Subtractors, Binary Parallel Adder, Decimal Adder, Magnitude Comparator, Decoders, Multiplexers, BOOTH algorithm for signed numbers with example. Sequential Logic: Introduction, different types of Flip – Flops, Triggering of Flip- Flops.
Computer Types, Functional Units, Basic Operational Concepts, Bus structure, Software, Performance, Multiprocessing and Multi computers. Machine Instruction: Memory Locations and Addresses, Memory Operations, Instructions and Instruction Sequencing, Addressing Modes.
Assembly Language and Input /Output Organization
Basics of Assembly Language Program, Examples from Assembly Language Programming. Accessing I/O Devices, Interrupts, Enabling and Disabling interrupts, Handling multiple devices, Controlling input/output device behavior, Exceptions, DMA , Buses.
The Memory System
Basic Concepts, Semiconductor RAM Memories, Internal organization of memory chips, Static memories, Dynamic RAM, Synchronous D-RAM, Structure of larger memories, Read – Only Memories, Speed, Size, and Cost, Cache Memories, Virtual Memories, Memory Management Requirements.