Theoretical (Stoichiometric) air for combustion of fuels. Excess air, mass balance, actual combustion. Exhaust gas analysis. A/F ratio. Energy balance for a chemical reaction, enthalpy of formation, enthalpy and internal energy of combustion. Combustion efficiency.
Air standard cycles; Carnot, Otto, Diesel, Dual and Stirling cycles, P-v and T-s diagrams, description, efficiencies and mean effective pressures. Comparison of Otto and Diesel cycles.
Classification of Gas Turbines, Analysis of open cycle gas turbine cycle. Advantages and Disadvantages of closed cycle. Methods to improve thermal efficiency. Jet propulsion and Rocket propulsion.
Carnot vapour power cycle, drawbacks as a reference cycle. Simple Rankine cycle; description, T – s diagram, analysis for performance. Comparison of Carnot and Rankine cycles. Effects of pressure and temperature on Rankine cycle performance. Actual vapour power cycles. Ideal and practical regenerative Rankine cycles, open and closed feed water heaters. Reheat Rankine cycle.
Operation of a single stage reciprocating compressors. Work input through P – v diagram and steady state steady flow analysis. Effect of clearance and volumetric efficiency. Adiabatic, isothermal and mechanical efficiencies. Multi-stage compressor, Saving in work, optimum intermediate pressure, inter-cooling, minimum work for compression.
Vapour compression refrigeration system; description, analysis, refrigerating effect, capacity, power required, units of refrigeration, COP. Refrigerants and their desirable properties. Air cycle refrigeration; reversed Carnot cycle, reversed Brayton cycle. Vapour absorption refrigeration system. Steam jet refrigeration.
Atmospheric air and psychrometric properties; Dry bulb temperature, wet bulb temperature, dew point temperature; partial pressures, specific and relative humidifies and the relation between the two Enthalpy and adiabatic saturation temperature. Construction and Use of psychrometric chart. Analysis of various processes; heating, cooling, dehumidifying and humidifying. Adiabatic mixing of stream of moist air. Summer and winter air - conditioning.
Testing of two-stroke and four-stroke Sl and CI engines for performance, related numerical problems, heat balance, Morse test.