Fundamental Concepts & Definitions: Thermodynamic definition and scope, Microscopic and Macroscopic approaches.Some practical applications of engineering thermodynamic Systems, Characteristics of system boundary and controlsurface, examples. Thermodynamic properties; definition and units, intensive , extensive properties, specific properties,pressure, specific volume Thermodynamic state, state point, state diagram, path and process, quasi-static process,cyclic and non-cyclic; processes;Thermodynamic equilibrium; definition, mechanical equilibrium; diathermic wall,thermal equilibrium, chemical equilibrium, Zeroth law of thermodynamics, Temperature; concepts, scales, internationalfixed points and measurement of temperature. Constant volume gas thermometer, constant pressure gasthermometer, mercury in glass thermometerWork and Heat: Mechanics, definition of work and its limitations. Thermodynamic definition of work; examples, signconvention. Displacement work; as a part of a system boundary, as a whole of a system boundary, expressions fordisplacement work in various processes through p-v diagrams. Shaft work; Electrical work.Other types of work.Heat;definition, units and sign convention. Problems
First Law of Thermodynamics: Joules experiments, equivalence of heat and work. Statement of the First law ofthermodynamics, extension of the First law to non - cyclic processes, energy, energy as a property, modes of energy,Extension of the First law to control volume; steady flow energy equation(SFEE), important applications.Second Law of Thermodynamics: limitations of first law of thermodynamics Devices converting heat to work; (a) in athermodynamic cycle, (b) in a mechanical cycle. Thermal reservoir,Direct heat engine; schematic representation andefficiency. Devices converting work to heat in a thermodynamic cycle; reversed heat engine, schematic representation,coefficients of performance. Kelvin - Planck statement of the Second law of Thermodynamics; PMM I and PMM II,Clausius statement of Second law of Thermodynamics, Equivalence of the two statements; Carnot cycle, Carnotprinciples. Problems
Reversibility: Definitions of a reversible process, reversible heat engine, importance and superiority of a reversible heatengine and irreversible processes; factors that make a process irreversible, reversible heat engines. Unresistedexpansion, remarks on Carnot’s engine, internal and external reversibility, Definition of the thermodynamic temperaturescale. ProblemsEntropy: Clasius inequality, Statement- proof, Entropy- definition, a property, change of entropy, entropy as aquantitative test for irreversibility, principle of increase in entropy, , calculation of entropy using Tds relations, entropyas a coordinate.
Availability, Irreversibility and General Thermodynamic relations.Introduction, Availability (Exergy), Unavailable energy(anergy), Relation between increase in unavailable energy and increase in entropy.Maximum work, maximum usefulwork for a system and control volume, irreversibility, second law efficiency (effectiveness). Gibbs and Helmholtzfunctions, Maxwell relations, Clapeyron equation, Joule Thomson coefficient, general relations for change in entropy,enthalpy , internal energy and specific heats.Pure Substances: P-T and P-V diagrams, triple point and critical points. Sub-cooled liquid, saturated liquid, mixture ofsaturated liquid and vapor, saturated vapor and superheated vapor states of pure substance with water as example.Enthalpy of change of phase (Latent heat).Dryness fraction (quality), T-S and H-S diagrams, representation of variousprocesses on these diagrams.Steam tables and its use.Throttling calorimeter, separating and throttling calorimeter.
Ideal gases: Ideal gas mixtures, Daltons law of partial pressures, Amagat’s law of additive volumes, evaluation ofproperties of perfect and ideal gases,Air- Water mixtures and related properties, Psychrometric properties, Construction and use of Psychrometric chart.Real gases – Introduction , Air water mixture and related properties, Van-der Waal\'s Equation of state, Van-der Waal\'sconstants in terms of critical properties, Redlich and Kwong equation of state Beattie-Bridgeman equation , Law ofcorresponding states, compressibility factor; compressibility chart.Difference between Ideal and real gases.