Introduction: Definition of turbo machine, parts of turbo machines, Comparison with positive displacement machines, Classification, Dimensionless parameters and their significance, Effect of Reynolds number, Unit and specific quantities, model studies. (Note: Since dimensional analysis is covered in Fluid Mechanics subject, questions on dimensional analysis may not be given. However, dimensional parameters and model studies may be given more weightage.)
Thermodynamics of fluid flow: Application of first and second law of thermodynamics to turbo machines, Efficiencies of turbo machines, Static and Stagnation states, Incompressible fluids and perfect gases, overall isentropic efficiency, stage efficiency (their comparison) and polytropic efficiency for both compression and expansion processes. Reheat factor for expansion process
Energy exchange in Turbo machines: Euler’s turbine equation, Alternate form of Euler’s turbine equation, Velocity triangles for different values of degree of reaction, Components of energy transfer, Degree of Reaction, utilization factor, Relation between degree of reaction and Utilization factor, Problems.
General Analysis of Turbo machines: Radial flow compressors and pumps – general analysis, Expression for degree of reaction, velocity triangles, Effect of blade discharge angle on energy transfer and degree of reaction, Effect of blade discharge angle on performance, Theoretical head – capacity relationship, General analysis of axial flow pumps and compressors, degree of reaction, velocity triangles, Problems.
Steam Turbines: Classification, Single stage impulse turbine, condition for maximum blade efficiency, stage efficiency, Need and methods of compounding, Multi-stage impulse turbine, expression for maximum utilization factor.
Reaction turbine – Parsons’s turbine, condition for maximum utilization factor, reaction staging. Problems.
Hydraulic Turbines: Classification, various efficiencies. Pelton turbine – velocity triangles, design parameters, Maximum efficiency.
Francis turbine - velocity triangles, design parameters, runner shapes for different blade speeds. Draft tubes- Types and functions.
Kaplan and Propeller turbines - velocity triangles, design parameters. Problems.
Centrifugal Pumps: Classification and parts of centrifugal pump, different heads and efficiencies of centrifugal pump, Minimum speed for starting the flow, Maximum suction lift, Net positive suction head, Cavitation, Need for priming, Pumps in series and parallel. Problems.
Centrifugal Compressors: Stage velocity triangles, slip factor, power input factor, Stage work, Pressure developed, stage efficiency and surging and problems. Axial flow Compressors: Expression for pressure ratio developed in a stage, work done factor, efficiencies and stalling. Problems.