Classification and Functional Elements of Instrument/ measurement system:
Measurement, significance of measurement, instruments and measurement systems, mechanical, electrical and electronic instruments, Deflection & Null type instruments and their comparison, Analog and digital modes of operation, functions of instruments and measurement systems, applications of measurement systems, Elements of generalized measurement system, Input-output configuration of measuring instruments and measurement systems, methods of correction for interfering and modifying inputs. Transducers, Classifications of transducers-primary & secondary, active & passive, analog and digital transducers.
Static and Dynamic Characteristics:
Accuracy and precision, indications of precision, static error, scale range and scale span, reproducibility and drift, repeatability, signal to noise ratio, sensitivity, linearity, hysteresis, threshold, dead zone and dead time, resolution, signal to noise ratio. Dynamic response – dynamic characteristics, time domain analysis & different types of inputs, frequency domain analysis. Time domain response – zero order system, first order electrical system, response of a first order system to step & ramp input, Second order system, response of a second order system to step input, time domain specifications, frequency response of first and second order system.
Measurement of Displacement:
Introduction, Principles of Transduction, Variable resistance devices, Variable Capacitance Transducer, Hall Effect Devices, Proximity Devices.
Measurement of Level:
Capacitance probes, conductivity probes, differential pressure level detector, float level devices, optical level switches, radiation level sensor, ultrasonic level detector, thermal level sensors
Measurement of Strain:
Introduction, Factors affecting strain measurements, Types of Strain Gauges, Theory of operation of resistance strain gauges, Types of Electrical Strain Gauges – Wire gauges, unbounded strain gauges, foil gauges, semiconductor strain gauges (principle, types & list of characteristics only), Strain gauge Circuits – Wheatstone bride circuit, Applications.
Measurement of resistance, induction and capacitance:
Whetstone’s bridge, Kelvin Bridge; ACbridges, Capacitance Comparison Bridge, Maxwell’s bridge, wein’s bridge, Wagners’s earth connection.
Transducers – I:
Introduction, Electrical transducers, Selecting a transducer, Resistive transducers, Resistive position transducer, Resistance thermometer, Thermistor, Inductive transducer,Differential output transducers and LVDT.
Transducers – II:
Piezoelectric transducer, Photoelectric transducer,Photovoltaic transducer, Semiconductor photo devices, Temperature transducers-RTD, Thermocouple(b) Display Devices: Digital display system, classification of display, Display devices, LEDs, LCD displays
Course outcomes:
After studying this course, students will able to:
TEXT BOOKS:
1. Electrical and Electronic Measurements and Instrumentation – A. K. Sawhney, 17th Edition (Reprint 2004), DhanpatRai& Co. Pvt. Ltd., 2004. (Module 1 & 2)
2. Instrumentation: Devices and Systems- C. S. Rangan, G. R. Sarma, V. S. V. Mani, 2nd Edition (32nd Reprint), McGraw Hill Education (India), 2014. (Module 3-Displacement measurement, Module 4,
3. Process Measurement Instrument Engineers Handbook- Bela G. Liptak, Revised Edition, Chilton Book Company, 1982. (Module 3 – Level measurement,)
4.“Electronics Instrumentation”, H.S. Kalsi, TMH, 2004-Module 5
REFERENCE BOOKS
1. Transducers and Instrumentation – D.V.S.Murty, 2nd Edition, PHI, 2009.
2. Introduction to Measurements and Instrumentation - A. K. Ghosh, 2nd Edition, PHI, 2007.
3. Instrumentation Measurement and Analysis- B.C.Nakra and K.K.Choudhry, 3rd Edition, McGraw Hill Education (India) Pvt.Ltd. 2009.
4. Measurement Systems Application and Design- Ernest O.Doeblin and Dhanesh N Manik, 5th Edition, McGraw Hill, 2007