Measurement and Error: Definitions, Accuracy,Precision, Resolution and Significant Figures, Types ofErrors, Measurement error combinations, Basics ofStatistical Analysis. (Text 2)Ammeters: DC Ammeter, Multirange Ammeter, TheAyrton Shunt or Universal Shunt, Requirements ofShunt, Extending of Ammeter Ranges, RF Ammeter(Thermocouple), Limitations of Thermocouple. (Text 1)Voltmeters and Multimeters: Introduction, Basic Meteras a DC Voltmeter, DC Voltmeter, Multirange Voltmeter,Extending Voltmeter Ranges, Loading, ACVoltmeter using Rectifiers. Transistor Voltmeter,Differential Voltmeter, True RMS Voltmeter,Considerations in Choosing an Analog Voltmeter,Multimeter. (Text 1)
Digital Voltmeters: Introduction, RAMP technique, DualSlope Integrating Type DVM, Integrating Type DVM, MostCommonly used principles of ADC, SuccessiveApproximations, Continuous Balance DVM, -Digit,Resolution and Sensitivity of Digital Meters, GeneralSpecifications of DVM, Microprocessor based Ramp typeDVM. (Text 1)Digital Instruments: Introduction, Digital Multimeters,Digital Frequency Meter, Digital Measurement of Time,Universal Counter, Digital Tachometer, Digital pH Meter,Digital Phase Meter, Digital Capacitance Meter,Microprocessor based Instruments. (Text 1)
Oscilloscopes: Introduction, Basic principles, CRTfeatures, Block diagram of Oscilloscope, Simple CRO,Vertical Amplifier, Horizontal Deflecting System, Sweepor Time Base Generator, Storage Oscilloscope, DigitalReadout Oscilloscope, Measurement of Frequency byLissajous Method, Digital Storage Oscilloscope. (Text 1)Signal Generators: Introduction, Fixed and Variable AFOscillator, Standard Signal Generator, Laboratory TypeSignal Generator, AF sine and Square Wave Generator,Function Generator, Square and Pulse Generator, SweepGenerator. (Text 1)
Measuring Instruments: Output Power Meters, FieldStrength Meter, Stroboscope, Phase Meter, VectorImpedance Meter, Q Meter, Megger, Analog pH Meter.(Text 1)Bridges: Introduction, Wheatstone’s bridge, Kelvin’sBridge; AC bridges, Capacitance Comparison Bridge,Inductance Comparison Bridge, Maxwell’s bridge, Wein’sbridge, Wagner’s earth connection. (Text 1)
Transducers: Introduction, Electrical transducers,Selecting a transducer, Resistive transducer, Resistiveposition transducer, Strain gauges, Resistancethermometer, Thermistor, Inductive transducer,Differential output transducers, LVDT, Piezoelectrictransducer, Photoelectric transducer, Photovoltaictransducer, Semiconductor photo diode and transistor,Temperature transducers-RTD. (Text 1)