Measurement and Error: Definitions, Accuracy, Precision, Resolution and Significant Figures, Types of Errors, Measurement error combinations. (Text 2)
Ammeters: DC Ammeter, Multirange Ammeter, The Ayrton Shunt or Universal Shunt, Requirements of Shunt, Extending of Ammeter Ranges, RF Ammeter (Thermocouple), Limitations of Thermocouple. (Text 1)
Voltmeters and Multimeters: Introduction, Basic Meter as a DC Voltmeter, DC Voltmeter, Multirange Voltmeter, Extending Voltmeter Ranges, Loading, AC Voltmeter using Rectifiers. True RMS Voltmeter, Multimeter. (Text 1) L1, L2, L3
Digital Voltmeters: Introduction, RAMP technique, Dual Slope Integrating Type DVM, Integrating Type DVM, Most Commonly used principles of ADC, Successive Approximations, -Digit, Resolution and Sensitivity of Digital Meters, General Specifications of DVM, (Text 1)
Digital Instruments: Introduction, Digital Multimeters, Digital Frequency Meter, Digital Measurement of Time, Universal Counter, Digital Tachometer, Digital pH Meter, Digital Phase Meter, Digital Capacitance Meter, (Text 1) L1, L2,L3
Oscilloscopes: Introduction, Basic principles, CRT features, Block diagram of Oscilloscope, Simple CRO, Vertical Amplifier, Horizontal Deflecting System, Sweep or Time Base Generator, Measurement of Frequency by Lissajous Method, Digital Storage Oscilloscope. (Text 1)
Signal Generators: Introduction, Fixed and Variable AF Oscillator, Standard Signal Generator, Laboratory Type Signal Generator, AF sine and Square Wave Generator, Function Generator, (Text 1) L1, L2
Measuring Instruments: Field Strength Meter, Stroboscope, Phase Meter, Q Meter, Megger. (Text 1)
Bridges: Introduction, Wheatstone‘s bridge, Kelvin‘s Bridge; AC bridges, Capacitance Comparison Bridge, Inductance Comparison Bridge, Maxwell‘s bridge, Wien‘s bridge. (Text 1) L1, L2, L3
Transducers: Introduction, Electrical transducers, Selecting a transducer, Resistive transducer, Resistive position transducer, Strain gauges, Resistance thermometer, Thermistor, Inductive transducer, LVDT, Piezoelectric transducer, Photo cell, Photo voltaic cell, Semiconductor photo diode and transistor. (Text 1) L1, L2, L3